Questions and Answers

Interactive Index

1. On Sustax Climate Data
2. On Sustax Data Access
3. On Sustax Methodology
4. On Sustax Applications
5. The Billing

On Sustax Climate Data

Q: How do I choose the best SSP-RCP scenario(s) for my specific industry, project, or regulatory reporting (e.g., IFRS S2, CSRD/ESRS E1, SFDR)?

A: Selecting appropriate SSP-RCP scenarios is crucial and depends on the purpose of your assessment:

• For Regulatory Reporting:
  • IFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures: Often requires analysis against scenarios that test the resilience of your strategy, which may include a higher-emission pathway (e.g., SSP5-8.5, SSP3-7.0) for stress testing, alongside a scenario aligned with global climate goals (e.g., SSP1-2.6 or SSP2-4.5, representing <2°C or transitional pathways).
  • CSRD (Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive) / ESRS E1 “Climate change”: These European standards also necessitate robust scenario analysis for physical risks. The choice of scenarios should align with your double materiality assessment and the need to demonstrate resilience. Similar to IFRS S2, using a range including pathways consistent with the Paris Agreement (e.g., 1.5°C or well below 2°C, like SSP1-2.6) and higher warming scenarios is common.
  • SFDR (Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation): Financial market participants may need to use scenario analysis to assess and disclose the physical climate risks associated with their investments and how these are managed, particularly for Principal Adverse Impact (PAI) reporting. Scenario choice should reflect prudent risk management.
  • AASB S2 (Treasury Laws Amendment Bill): Australia’s mandatory climate-related financial disclosure standard, which may include a higher-emission pathway (e.g., SSP5-8.5, SSP3-7.0) for stress testing, alongside a scenario aligned with global climate goals (e.g., SSP1-2.6 or SSP2-4.5, representing <2°C or transitional pathways).
  • CFRA/ SB 261 (Climate-Related Financial Risk Act): California’s Senate Bill 261 (SB 261), may include a higher-emission pathway (e.g., SSP5-8.5, SSP3-7.0) for stress testing, alongside a scenario aligned with global climate goals (e.g., SSP1-2.6 or SSP2-4.5, representing <2°C or transitional pathways).
  • SRS S2 (UK Sustainability Disclosure Standards + FCA Listing Rules): As IFRS S2 framework, it may include a higher-emission pathway (e.g., SSP5-8.5, SSP3-7.0) for stress testing, alongside a scenario aligned with global climate goals (e.g., SSP1-2.6 or SSP2-4.5, representing <2°C or transitional pathways).
  • General Tip for Regulations: Always check the specific requirements or guidance issued by the relevant regulatory body or standard-setter, as they may recommend or mandate certain types of scenarios (e.g., “orderly transition,” “disorderly transition,” “hot house world”).

• For Strategic Planning & Internal Risk Assessment:
  • It is best practice to use a range of diverse scenarios (e.g., a low/optimistic, a central/moderate, and a high/pessimistic emissions pathway) to understand the full spectrum of potential future climate impacts. This helps in developing robust strategies that are resilient across multiple plausible futures.
  • Consider scenarios that represent different levels of global cooperation and technological development (e.g., contrasting SSP1 with SSP3 or SSP5).

• Key Considerations for All Applications:
  • Time Horizon: Match the scenario’s time horizon to the lifespan of your assets, investments, or strategic planning period.
  • Risk Appetite: Your organization’s tolerance for risk can influence which scenarios are prioritized for detailed analysis.
  • Materiality: Focus on scenarios that highlight material risks relevant to your specific business and geography.

For a detailed explanation of each of the 7 SSP-RCP scenarios offered by Sustax and their underlying narratives, please see our article on Understanding Future Scenarios: SSPs & RCPs.

Q: What’s the practical difference between “model spread” and “scenario uncertainty” in Sustax?

A: Both relate to uncertainty, but they address different aspects:

• Model Spread: This refers to the range of results from different underlying climate models (CMIP6 ensemble members) when run under the same SSP-RCP scenario. Sustax provides this (often as a standard deviation) to show the inherent scientific uncertainty or level of agreement among models for a single future pathway. You can find more on this in our Climate Variables & Payload Data (Daily Resolution) article.
• Scenario Uncertainty: This arises from the fact that the future pathway of global emissions and socioeconomic development is itself unknown. By offering multiple SSP-RCP scenarios (e.g., SSP1-2.6 vs. SSP5-8.5), Sustax allows you to explore fundamentally different potential futures. The differences between these scenarios represent scenario uncertainty.

Q: How should I interpret the 0.25° geospatial resolution for my specific asset location?

A: The climate data Sustax provides for a location corresponds to a grid cell of approximately 0.25 degrees latitude by 0.25 degrees longitude (roughly 31km x 31km at mid-latitudes). The value for a specific climate variable represents:

• An average condition over that entire grid cell area (e.g., for Temperature at Surface – tas, Relative Humidity – Hurs) for a specified time period.
• An accumulation over a specified time period over that entire grid cell area (e.g., for Total Precipitation – pr).
• Or a maximum value within that cell (e.g., for Maximum Wind Gust – sfcWindmax) for a specified time period.

The exact nature (average, accumulation, maximum) is specific to each variable and aligns with standard meteorological conventions, such as those used in ERA5. You can find these specific details in our Daily Climate Variables & Payload Data article.

This means the data reflects the general climate conditions characterizing that 0.25 degree area, not the precise conditions at a single, specific point (like a particular building or street address). Significant local variations can occur within a grid cell due to microclimates, detailed local topography, or land use. For further guidance on interpretation, please see our Important Considerations for Data Users.

Q: Are the climate indices (e.g., GDD, MFI) adjusted for highly localized topography within the 0.25 degree grid cell?

A: The primary Sustax climate data and the indices derived from it represent the conditions averaged or aggregated over the 0.25 degree grid cell. While the underlying global climate models (CMIP6) and reanalysis (ERA5) do incorporate topography at their native resolutions, the standard Sustax output does not explicitly resolve hyper-local, sub-grid topographical effects (e.g., the specific conditions on one side of a small hill versus the other within the same 0.25 degree cell). For assessments requiring such fine-scale microclimatic detail, additional specialized local modeling or analysis may be necessary, using Sustax data as a valuable regional baseline.

Q: How far into the future do Sustax projections go?

A: Sustax provides a continuous climate data timeline from 1979 up to 2080, and potentially beyond for some scenarios and variables. This is based on the output from the CMIP6 climate model projections. For more on our data sources, see Data Foundations: Past, Present, and Future.

Q: How is “historical data” different from “future projections” within Sustax?

A: Sustax integrates both:

• Historical Foundation (1979-2021): This period is primarily based on ERA5 reanalysis data, which is a highly accurate reconstruction of past weather and climate by assimilating vast amounts of observations. We consider this our “ground truth.”
• Projections (including historical model runs and future): For the entire 1979-2080 period, Sustax uses outputs from CMIP6 climate models that have been meticulously bias-corrected against the ERA5 historical data. So, even for the historical period post-1979, the “projection” data is from these harmonized models, designed to provide a seamless transition into the future.

Q: What are “Sustax Data Sets”? Is that what I’m paying for? 

A: Yes. When you make a request in Sustax, you are defining a custom “Data Set” based on your selections: specific climate variables or metrics, your chosen location(s), the time period, and the SSP-RCP scenario(s). The “payload” you receive is this customized data set in a tabular file (i.e. CSV), and the pricing is determined by the scope of your request.

Q: What is a “climate variable”? Can I select more than one?

A: A “climate variable” in Sustax refers to a specific climatological parameter, like ‘Temperature at Surface’ (tas), ‘Total Precipitation’ (pr), or ‘Maximum Wind Speed’ (sfcWindmax), Relative Humidity(hurs), …). Yet, depending on your needs and the data package structure, you can typically select one or multiple variables/indices for your chosen locations and scenarios. Our platform guides you through this selection.

Q: What are the “monthly datasets”? How are they different from daily? 

A: Monthly Data Sets are post-processed daily data for the sake of delivering to the user quick insights, including climate perils and climate indices. Sustax provides data at different time frequencies:

• Daily Datasets: These provide values for each day for core variables like temperature, precipitation, and wind gust, including their model spread.
• Monthly Datasets (Climate Indices): These are derived from the daily data and aggregated to a monthly resolution. They represent metrics like average monthly temperature, total monthly rainfall, or specialized indices like Cooling Degree Days (CDD) or the Monthly Modified Fournier Index (MFI). These indices often provide more direct insights for specific applications.
• Metrics Datasets: These refer to our accuracy validation metrics (EngD, MBE, etc.) which show how our models perform against historical data.

On Sustax Data Access

Q: What format is the data downloaded in? 

A: Sustax data is primarily provided in CSV (Comma Separated Values) format. This is a widely compatible text-based format that can be easily opened and imported into most spreadsheet programs (like Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Business Intelligence (BI) tools, and programming environments (like Python or R) and even Large Language Models (Claude, ChatGPT). We are always evaluating additional formats based on user needs. 

Q: Can I get an API to access Sustax data directly? 

A: Sustax is continuously evolving. While direct API access for automated data retrieval is part of our future roadmap, please contact us to discuss your specific high-volume or automated data needs, and we can explore potential solutions.  

Q: I’m having trouble importing the CSV file into my software (e.g., Excel, QGIS). Any tips? 

A: Here are a few common troubleshooting tips for CSV import: 

• Delimiter: Ensure your software is set to recognise a comma (,) as the delimiter. Sometimes regional settings can default to semicolons or tabs. 
• Character Encoding: Sustax CSVs typically use UTF-8 encoding. If you see strange characters, check that your software is interpreting the file as UTF-8. 
• Date/Time Formats: Ensure your software is correctly parsing date and time columns. You might need to specify the format during import or reformat the column afterwards. Note that there are two possible date formats depending on whether you are working on the daily or monthly data products. 
• Number Formats: Check that numerical data (like temperature or precipitation values) is being recognized as numbers and not text, especially regarding decimal separators (period vs. comma based on regional settings). 
  For more detailed guidance, please see our Guide: Integrating Sustax Data with Your Systems. 

Q: Can I request data for many locations at once? 

A: Sustax is currently designed for making detailed data requests one location at a time. For each request, you can: 

• Select a Point of Interest (POI) directly on the map or by entering coordinates. 

• Define a Region of Interest (ROI) by drawing a bounding box or polygon (Sustax will then provide data for the grid cells within this ROI, but it’s still processed as a single ROI request). 

If you need to analyze data for a large number of distinct, non-contiguous locations (e.g., a portfolio of hundreds of individual assets spread across a country), you would currently need to submit a separate request for each location. 
 

For users with needs for high-volume batch processing of many individual locations or automated data retrieval, we’re developing API solutions. Please contact us to discuss your specific requirements for bulk data access, and we can explore how to best support your needs, potentially through an API or custom data delivery. 
 

Our Tutorial: How to Select and Download Data provides a step-by-step guide for making single location/ROI requests via the app. 

Q: How quickly will I receive my data after submitting a request?

A: Once your data request is processed, you will typically receive an email containing a secure download link. The processing time can vary depending on the complexity and size of your request (number of locations, variables, and time period), but for many standard requests, you can expect to receive this email within 1 to 5 minutes. 

Q: I got an email with a download link from Sustax. Is it safe to click?  

A: Yes, if the email is genuinely from Sustax (e.g., from an @sustax.earth or @geoskop.tech domain), the download link provided is the secure way to access your requested data set. Always be cautious with emails and ensure the sender is legitimate. If you have any doubts, please contact us before clicking. 

Q: Why didn’t I receive a CSV file directly as an attachment?  

A: Due to the potential size of climate data sets, and for security reasons, we provide your data via a secure download link delivered to your registered email address rather than as a direct email attachment. This ensures efficient delivery and allows you to download the data at your convenience.

On Sustax Methodology

Q: How often is the underlying climate model data (CMIP6, ERA5) updated within the Sustax platform? 

A: Sustax relies on foundational datasets like ERA5 and CMIP6, which have their own update and release schedules managed by international scientific bodies (ECMWF/Copernicus for ERA, WCRP for CMIP). 

Besides, consider that our proprietary bias-correction algorithms are also subject to ongoing research and refinement by Geoskop Climate Intelligence. We will notify users of any significant updates to our core methodologies or data versions. 

Q: What are the “historical requests” I see in my Sustax User Dashboard?  

A: Your Sustax User Dashboard provides a record of your past data requests and purchases. This “historical requests” or “past purchases” section allows you to: 

• View the parameters of your previous data selections (locations, variables, scenarios, time periods). 
• In many cases, re-download the data sets you previously acquired. 
• Keep track of your data usage and spending (if credit/payment system is active). Please refer to the Managing Your Sustax Account guide for more details on dashboard features. 

Q: What is the R² (R-squared) metric? Is it different from Pearson’s R? 

A: 

• Pearson’s R (Correlation Coefficient): Measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between our model predictions and observed data. It ranges from -1 to +1. (See our Accuracy & Validation article). 
• Pearson’s R focuses on linear association not on causation. 

Q: How is Sustax pricing determined?  

A: Sustax aims for fair and transparent pricing, generally based on the scope of your data request. Key factors influencing cost include: 

• Number of Locations/Points of Interest (POIs): More locations mean more data to process and deliver. A ROI is build on top of several POIs
• Number of Climate Variables/Indices: Requesting a wider range of variables or complex derived indices can affect the price. 
• Length of the Time Period: Longer historical periods or future projection horizons involve more data. 
• Number of Scenarios: Each additional SSP-RCP /ERA5 scenario adds to the data volume. 

If a request covers a very large number of locations or an extensive set of data parameters, the cost will naturally be higher due to the increased computational and data delivery resources required. Our “pay-for-what-you-need” philosophy ensures you’re not charged for data you don’t select. For large requests, please contact us to discuss your specific needs and get a tailored quote. We also offer different data packages/tiers to suit various needs. 

On Sustax Applications

Q: Can Sustax data be directly used to calculate the financial impact of climate change on my assets? 

A: Yes, Sustax provides crucial physical climate risk data—that is, projections of how climate hazards (like temperature, precipitation, wind, relative humidity and more) are expected to change. This data is a fundamental input for assessing potential financial impacts. Consider though that translating these physical risks into specific financial figures (e.g., monetary damages, changes in asset valuation, revenue impacts) typically requires an additional layer of analysis or financial modeling. This often involves combining Sustax data with your asset-specific vulnerability information, operational sensitivities, and financial data. Consultants often specialise in this translation, using Sustax data as a key scientific foundation. 

Q: Which Sustax variables and indices are most important for climate-related disclosures (e.g., IFRS S2, CSRD/ESRS E1, SFDR)? 

A: For comprehensive climate-related disclosures, you’ll need to assess material physical climate risks. Sustax provides the foundational data for this across various key reporting frameworks: 

• IFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures: Focuses on how physical climate risks affect enterprise value. 
• CSRD (Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive) / ESRS E1 “Climate change”: Requires detailed reporting on climate impacts, risks, opportunities, and transition plans, often with a double materiality perspective. 
• SFDR (Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation): Obliges financial market participants to disclose how they integrate sustainability risks (including physical climate risks) and consider Principal Adverse Impacts (PAIs). 

Key Sustax daily variables like tas (Temperature at Surface), pr (Total Precipitation), and sfcWindmax (Maximum Wind Gust) are fundamental for assessing physical hazards. Additionally, relevant monthly climate indices provide targeted insights for these frameworks, such as those related to: 

• Extreme Events: RX1day, R95tot/R99tot (precipitation); xf98, dfx21 (wind). 
• Heat Stress: CSU (Consecutive Summer Days), CDD (Cooling Degree Days). 
• Water Stress/Drought: DAR30/05 (Consecutive No-rain Days). 

The specific choice of variables and indices will depend on your organization’s identified material risks, the specific requirements of the reporting framework(s) you are adhering to, and your geographical areas of operation. For detailed guidance on how Sustax supports IFRS S2, please see our Guide: Using Sustax Data for IFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures. We recommend consulting the specific standards (IFRS S2, ESRS E1, SFDR PAI indicators) to map your precise data needs. 

Q: How can I use Sustax to assess drought risk for my agricultural operations? 

A: Sustax offers several indices useful for drought risk assessment in agriculture: 

• Consecutive No-rain Days (DAR30 / DAR05): These directly measure the length of dry spells. 
• Total Monthly Accumulated Rain (RT) & Monthly Average Precipitation (RA): Tracking trends and deviations in these can indicate emerging water scarcity. 
• Temperature Indices (like AvMT, MxMT, GDD): Higher temperatures can exacerbate drought conditions by increasing evapotranspiration. 
  By analyzing these indices for your specific locations and relevant SSP-RCP scenarios, you can identify periods and regions with increasing drought risk. For more examples, see our Guide: Applying Sustax Climate Indices for Sector-Specific Insights. 

Q: How do I select data for a specific Point of Interest (POI), Region of Interest (ROI), or a street address? 

A: The Sustax platform (app.sustax.earth) provides several ways to define your area of interest: 

• Point of Interest (POI): You can click directly on the map or enter specific latitude/longitude coordinates to select a point. Sustax will provide data for the 0.25 degree grid cell that contains this point. 
• Region of Interest (ROI): You can define an ROI by drawing a bounding box (rectangle) or a polygon directly on the map. Sustax will then provide data for all the 0.25 degree grid cells that fall within or intersect your defined ROI. 
• Street Address / Postal Code / Place Name: You can often type a street address, postal code or place name into the search bar. The platform will geocode this to a latitude/longitude, and then select the corresponding 0.25 degree grid cell. 

Please, see our tutorial (Download Climate Data) on how to Select and Download Data walks you through these options. 

Q: I’m a sustainability consultant. How can Sustax help me serve my clients better? 

A: Sustax is designed to be a powerful, tier-1 tool for consultancies. It provides you with: 

• Access to cutting-edge, validated climate science without the need for in-house climate modeling teams. 
• Data for a wide range of client needs: Regulatory reporting, physical risk assessments, adaptation planning, M&A due diligence, and sector-specific analyses. 
• The ability to offer new, data-driven advisory services and differentiate your practice.
• Robust data to back up your recommendations and build client confidence. 

Explore our Expert Guidelines and Best Practices and Pro Tips for more ideas on how Sustax can empower your consultancy. 

The Billing

Q: Where can I find my past invoices? 

A: You can find all your past invoices in the “Billing” section of your Sustax Account Dashboard. You can also find there your recipes with all your previous data requests.

Q: How do I update my company’s billing address or VAT number? 

A: You can update this information directly in the “Account Profile” section of your Sustax Account Dashboard. Note that you can also validate your European VAT number in the User’s Dashboard should you be registered as a VIES Intra-Community Operator

Q: What payment methods do you accept for purchasing Sustax Credits? 

A: We currently accept bank transfers (contact us to discuss on it) and the Stripe already available on Sustax platform (https://app.sustax.earth)

Q: I have a question about a specific charge on my invoice. Who do I contact? 

A: Please Contact Sustax Support with your Invoice ID and details of your query. 

Q: Do Sustax Credits expire? 

A: No.